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Facing the unexpected can leave families in Montana feeling isolated and unsure where to turn, especially when it involves the unthinkable reality of hazing. Imagine a crisp autumn evening in Bozeman, where the Bridger Mountains stand sentinel over Montana State University. A new student, away from home for the first time, finds themselves in an off-campus house, surrounded by what they hoped would be their new community. The air is thick with anticipation and the smell of cheap beer. “It’s tradition,” they’re told, “just a bit of fun.” But the “fun” quickly escalates: forced chugging games, degrading chants, and physical challenges that push far beyond reasonable limits. Someone collapses, their face pale, unresponsive. Fear grips the room—not just for the fallen student, but for the consequences. No one wants to call for help, afraid of “getting the chapter shut down” or “getting in trouble.” The student, now unconscious, lies forgotten as precious minutes tick by. This terrifying scenario, or one chillingly similar, could unfold at any Texas university—including those where many Montana families send their children, like Texas A&M, the University of Texas at Austin, or Baylor.

This comprehensive guide is for you, the families in Montana and across Texas, who need to understand the stark realities of hazing in 2025. We will explore what hazing truly looks like today, far beyond outdated stereotypes, and delve into the legal frameworks in Texas and federally that govern these dangerous practices. We’ll examine critical national hazing cases, drawing lessons that resonate deeply with the experiences of Texas families. Our focus will then shift to the specific environments of major Texas universities—the University of Houston, Texas A&M, UT Austin, Southern Methodist University, and Baylor—providing insights into their cultures, policies, and documented incidents. We will also connect the local Greek life and student organizations on these campuses to their broader national histories of hazing. Finally, we’ll guide you through the process of building a case—from evidence collection to understanding damages—and offer practical advice for parents, students, and witnesses.

IMMEDIATE HELP FOR HAZING EMERGENCIES:

If your child is in danger RIGHT NOW:
- Call 911 for medical emergencies
- Then call Attorney911: 1-888-ATTY-911 (1-888-288-9911)
- We provide immediate help – that’s why we’re the Legal Emergency Lawyers™
In the first 48 hours:
- Get medical attention immediately, even if the student insists they are “fine”
- Preserve evidence BEFORE it’s deleted:
  - Screenshot group chats, texts, DMs immediately
  - Photograph injuries from multiple angles
  - Save physical items (clothing, receipts, objects)
- Write down everything while memory is fresh (who, what, when, where)
- Do NOT:
  - Confront the fraternity/sorority
  - Sign anything from the university or insurance company
  - Post details on public social media
  - Let your child delete messages or “clean up” evidence
Contact an experienced hazing attorney within 24–48 hours:
- Evidence disappears fast (deleted group chats, destroyed paddles, coached witnesses)
- Universities move quickly to control the narrative
- We can help preserve evidence and protect your child’s rights
- Call 1-888-ATTY-911 for immediate consultation

Hazing in 2025: What It Really Looks Like

For families in Montana and beyond, understanding hazing today requires moving past outdated movie depictions. It’s not just harmless pranks; it’s a dangerous spectrum of behaviors driven by power dynamics that can inflict serious physical and psychological harm. Hazing continues to evolve, often becoming more insidious and harder to detect, especially with the rise of digital communication.

Clear, Modern Definition of Hazing

At its core, hazing is any intentional, knowing, or reckless act, on or off campus, directed against a student, that:

Endangers the mental or physical health or safety of a student,
Requires a student to perform an act that is or would be illegal,
And occurs for the purpose of pledging, initiation into, affiliation with, holding office in, or maintaining membership in any organization whose members include students.

Crucially, “I agreed to it” does not automatically make the activity safe or legal. When there’s peer pressure, a power imbalance between new and existing members, and a fear of exclusion, true consent is often impossible. The law recognizes that students often feel they have no real choice but to participate.

Main Categories of Hazing

Modern hazing manifests in various forms, often falling along a spectrum of severity:

Alcohol and Substance Hazing: This remains one of the deadliest forms of hazing. It involves forced or coerced drinking of alcohol, often in excessive and dangerous quantities. This can include “chugging challenges,” “lineups” where pledges are forced to rapidly consume shots, or drinking games designed to ensure high levels of intoxication. Pledges may also be pressured to consume unknown substances or other drugs. This type of hazing is a primary factor in many hazing-related deaths nationwide.
Physical Hazing: This category includes any activity that inflicts physical pain or discomfort. Examples range from paddling and beatings to extreme and often dangerous calisthenics, forced “workouts,” or “smokings” far beyond normal athletic conditioning. Sleep deprivation, food or water deprivation, and exposure to extreme environmental conditions (like cold or heat) are also common tactics, weakening pledges physically and mentally.
Sexualized and Humiliating Hazing: These acts deeply degrade and traumatize individuals. They can involve forced nudity or partial nudity, simulated sexual acts (such as “elephant walks” or “roasted pig” poses), or wearing degrading costumes. Hazing may also include acts with racial, sexist, or homophobic overtones, slurs, or forced role-playing that targets specific identities.
Psychological Hazing: This form of hazing aims to break down an individual’s mental and emotional well-being. It typically involves verbal abuse, threats, intimidation, and social isolation. Pledges may be subjected to manipulation, forced confessions, or public shaming, creating an environment of fear and constant anxiety. This subtle psychological torment can be just as damaging as physical abuse, leading to severe emotional distress, anxiety, and depression.
Digital/Online Hazing: With modern technology, hazing has moved into the digital realm. This includes demands made through group chats (e.g., forcing pledges to stay awake all night responding to messages), online dares, “challenges,” and public humiliation via platforms like Instagram, Snapchat, or TikTok. Pledges might be pressured to create or share compromising images or videos, or constantly monitor their phones for new instructions, extending the hazing experience far beyond in-person events.

Where Hazing Actually Happens

It’s a common misconception that hazing is limited to a few bad actors in fraternities. The reality is far broader:

Fraternities and Sororities: This includes traditional Interfraternity Council (IFC) and Panhellenic Council (NPC) organizations, as well as Historically Black Greek Letter Organizations (NPHC) and multicultural Greek letter organizations. While all national organizations officially ban hazing, it regrettably persists in many chapters across the country.
Corps of Cadets / ROTC / Military-Style Groups: These groups, often emphasizing discipline and tradition, can be susceptible to hazing rituals disguised as “training” or “bonding exercises.” The hierarchical structure within these organizations can make it difficult for new members to refuse participation.
Athletic Teams: From football and basketball to baseball, cheerleading, and even club sports, hazing can occur as a twisted form of team “initiation.” This often involves physical abuse, forced alcohol consumption, or degrading acts justified as “building toughness” or “team cohesion.” This was highlighted in the recent Northwestern University athletic hazing scandal, demonstrating its presence even in elite sports programs.
Marching Bands and Performance Groups: Even organizations dedicated to artistic expression are not immune. Traditions or “initiation rites” within marching bands, theater groups, or other performance ensembles can sometimes cross the line into hazing, as tragically seen in the Robert Champion case at Florida A&M.
Other Student Organizations: Some service, cultural, and academic organizations can also fall prey to hazing practices. The desire to belong and uphold “tradition” can lead to dangerous activities, even in groups designed for positive community impact.

In all these environments, social status, the allure of tradition, and a code of silence combine to perpetuate hazing, even when everyone involved “knows” that such practices are illegal and harmful.

Law & Liability Framework (Texas + Federal)

Understanding the legal landscape surrounding hazing in Texas is crucial for any family in Montana whose child might attend a Texas university. The law provides clear definitions, penalties, and avenues for accountability, offering a pathway for justice for victims.

Texas Hazing Law Basics (Education Code)

Texas has clear anti-hazing statutes primarily found in the Texas Education Code, Chapter 37, Subchapter F (Hazing). For Montana families, this means that any hazing incident occurring at a Texas educational institution will be governed by these specific laws.

The definition of hazing under Texas Education Code § 37.151 is broad and critical:

Hazing means any intentional, knowing, or reckless act, committed by a student against another student, that:

Endangers the mental or physical health or safety of a student, or
Causes or encourages a student to endure an act or omission that is or would be illegal,
And occurs for the purpose of initiation, affiliation, or continuation of membership in any organization sanctioned or supported by an educational institution.

This definition means that:

Location doesn’t matter: Hazing can occur on or off campus.
Intent is key, but recklessness is enough: The perpetrator doesn’t need to specifically intend to harm; if they were reckless about endangering health or safety, it’s hazing.
“Consent” is not a defense: As specified by Texas Education Code § 37.155, agreeing to be hazed does not absolve the perpetrators of criminal or civil liability.

Criminal Penalties (Texas Education Code § 37.152):

Most hazing offenses are Class B misdemeanors (punishable by up to 180 days in jail and a fine up to $2,000).
If the hazing causes bodily injury, it can be a Class A misdemeanor.
If the hazing causes serious bodily injury or death, it can be prosecuted as a state jail felony (punishable by 180 days to 2 years in state jail and a fine up to $10,000).
Failing to report hazing by an officer or member who knew about it is a misdemeanor.
Retaliating against someone who reports hazing is also a misdemeanor.

Organizational Liability (Texas Education Code § 37.153):

Organizations themselves can be held criminally responsible if they authorized, encouraged, or tolerated the hazing. Penalties can include fines of up to $10,000 and the institution withdrawing recognition, effectively banning the organization from campus.

Immunity for Good-Faith Reporting (Texas Education Code § 37.154):

A person who, in good faith, reports a hazing incident is immune from civil or criminal liability for that report. This is designed to encourage students to come forward without fear of legal repercussions.

This framework gives families in Montana strong legal grounds to pursue justice if their child is harmed by hazing in Texas.

Criminal vs. Civil Cases

It’s important to understand that hazing incidents can lead to two distinct types of legal actions:

Criminal Cases: These are brought by the State of Texas (through a district attorney or prosecutor) against individuals or organizations accused of violating hazing laws or other criminal statutes (like assault, furnishing alcohol to minors, or even manslaughter). The goal of a criminal case is to punish the offender through fines, jail time, or probation. A criminal conviction can also serve as powerful evidence in a related civil case.
Civil Cases: These are lawsuits filed by the victim (or their family, in cases of wrongful death) against the responsible parties. The primary goal is to obtain monetary compensation for the damages suffered, as well as to hold the perpetrators and institutions accountable. Unlike criminal cases, civil cases do not directly seek to imprison anyone.

These two legal paths can proceed independently or simultaneously. A criminal conviction is not a prerequisite for filing a civil lawsuit, and vice-versa.

Federal Overlay: Stop Campus Hazing Act, Title IX, Clery

Beyond state law, federal regulations cast a wider net of accountability for universities:

Stop Campus Hazing Act (2024): This landmark federal legislation mandates greater transparency from colleges and universities receiving federal funding. Starting around 2026, institutions will be required to publicly report hazing incidents, strengthen hazing education, and implement robust prevention programs. For Montana families, this means that information about hazing incidents at Texas universities will become more accessible, aiding in informed decisions and legal strategies.
Title IX: This federal law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sex in education programs or activities receiving federal financial assistance. When hazing involves sexual harassment, sexual assault, or gender-based hostility, Title IX obligations are triggered. Universities have a duty to investigate and address such incidents, potentially offering another avenue for accountability for hazing victims.
Clery Act: The Jeanne Clery Disclosure of Campus Security Policy and Campus Crime Statistics Act requires colleges and universities to report campus crime statistics and security policies. Hazing incidents that involve assault, alcohol/drug violations, or other crimes can fall under Clery reporting requirements, providing an institutional record of misconduct and potential patterns.

Who Can Be Liable in a Civil Hazing Lawsuit

Building a civil hazing case involves identifying all responsible parties. In Texas, a lawsuit can target multiple entities:

Individual Students: These are the members or officers directly involved in planning, carrying out, or condoning the hazing. This includes those who supplied alcohol, physically assaulted pledges, or coerced participation.
Local Chapter/Organization: The specific fraternity, sorority, club, or student organization—if it has a legal structure—can be sued as an entity.
National Fraternity/Sorority: The national headquarters, especially if prior hazing incidents were known or if there was negligent supervision of its local chapters. National organizations often impose strict rules on chapters, but may fail to enforce them.
The University or Governing Board: While public universities in Texas (like the University of Houston System, Texas A&M System, or University of Texas System) may assert sovereign immunity (a legal doctrine protecting state entities from lawsuits), exceptions can apply. For example, lawsuits can proceed in cases of the university’s “gross negligence” or “deliberate indifference,” or when individual university employees are sued in their personal capacity for their actions. Private universities (like SMU or Baylor) generally have fewer immunity protections.
Third Parties: This can include landlords, property owners of off-campus houses or event venues where hazing occurred, or even commercial entities that illegally furnished alcohol to minors.

Every hazing case is fact-specific. An experienced attorney can explore all potential avenues for liability to ensure comprehensive accountability.

National Hazing Case Patterns

The tragic patterns of hazing across the United States teach us profound lessons about risk, responsibility, and justice. These national anchor stories are not isolated incidents; they represent a recurring script of abuse, often fueled by alcohol, secrecy, and a disregard for human life. For families in Montana, these cases highlight the sheer gravity of hazing and the precedents that exist for holding individuals and institutions accountable in Texas courts.

Alcohol Poisoning & Death Pattern

Forced alcohol consumption remains the leading cause of hazing-related fatalities. These cases often share chilling similarities: pledges forced to drink excessive amounts of alcohol, often hard liquor, and a tragic delay in seeking medical help due to fear of repercussions.

Timothy Piazza – Penn State, Beta Theta Pi (2017): Timothy Piazza, a 19-year-old pledge, died after a “bid acceptance” event involving extreme alcohol consumption. Fraternity security cameras captured his agonizing falls and the appalling delay by members in calling for help. Dozens of criminal charges were filed against fraternity members, and civil litigation ensued. This case was a catalyst for the Timothy J. Piazza Anti-Hazing Law in Pennsylvania, demonstrating how such tragedies can drive significant legislative change. The takeaway for Montana families: extreme intoxication, delay in calling 911, and a pervasive culture of silence can lead to devastating legal and human consequences.
Andrew Coffey – Florida State, Pi Kappa Phi (2017): Andrew Coffey, a pledge, succumbed to acute alcohol poisoning during a “Big Brother Night” event. Pledges were given handles of hard liquor and pressured to consume them. Criminal hazing charges were brought against multiple members, and Florida State University temporarily suspended all Greek life programs, overhauling its anti-hazing policies. This case underscores how formulaic “tradition” drinking nights are a recurring script for disaster, regardless of the campus.
Max Gruver – LSU, Phi Delta Theta (2017): Maxwell “Max” Gruver, an 18-year-old pledge, tragically died after participating in a “Bible study” drinking game. Pledges were forced to drink whenever they answered questions incorrectly. His death led to the enactment of the Max Gruver Act in Louisiana, a felony hazing law. This demonstrates a clear pattern: legislative change often follows public outrage fueled by obvious proof of hazing.
Stone Foltz – Bowling Green State University, Pi Kappa Alpha (2021): Stone Foltz, a 20-year-old pledge, died from alcohol poisoning after being forced to consume an entire bottle of alcohol during a “Big/Little” pledge night. This case resulted in criminal convictions for multiple fraternity members, and Bowling Green State University reached a nearly $3 million settlement with the Foltz family. Other settlements were reached with the fraternity and individuals. This tragic case emphatically shows that universities, in addition to fraternities, can face significant financial and reputational consequences when hazing leads to death.

Physical & Ritualized Hazing Pattern

Beyond alcohol, hazing often involves brutal physical rituals designed to test endurance, inflict pain, or break down psychological resistance.

Chun “Michael” Deng – Baruch College, Pi Delta Psi (2013): Michael Deng, a pledge, died from a traumatic brain injury suffered during a “glass ceiling” ritual at an off-campus fraternity retreat in the Pocono Mountains. Blindfolded, he was repeatedly tackled by fraternity members. Crucially, his “brothers” delayed calling 911. Multiple members were convicted, and the national fraternity itself was criminally convicted of aggravated assault and involuntary manslaughter, and effectively banned from Pennsylvania for 10 years. This landmark case underscores that off-campus “retreats” can be as dangerous or worse than on-campus incidents, and that national organizations face serious sanctions when clear patterns of abuse are uncovered.

Athletic Program Hazing & Abuse

Hazing is not confined to Greek life; it also pervades many other student organizations, including athletic teams, where it is often camouflaged as “team building” or “initiation.”

Northwestern University Football (2023–2025): This recent scandal brought to light widespread allegations of sexualized and racist hazing within the university’s prestigious football program. Multiple former players have filed lawsuits against Northwestern and its coaching staff. The head coach, Pat Fitzgerald, was fired and later settled a wrongful-termination lawsuit confidentially. This incident is a powerful reminder for Montana families that hazing disproportionately affects high-profile athletic programs and raises serious questions about institutional oversight in non-Greek contexts.

What These Cases Mean for Texas Families

These national patterns reveal common threads in hazing incidents: forced consumption of alcohol or drugs, physical abuse, psychological torment, humiliating rituals, and critically, a delayed or outright denied medical response, often followed by attempts at cover-ups. Tragedy and litigation are frequently the catalysts for reform and accountability. For Montana families sending their children to Texas universities, these national lessons underscore that the stakes are incredibly high. Whether at the University of Houston, Texas A&M, UT Austin, Southern Methodist University, or Baylor, the legal landscape for hazing is shaped by the courage of victims and their families to seek justice, building on the precedents established in these critical national cases.

Texas Focus: UH, Texas A&M, UT, SMU, Baylor

For families in Montana, understanding the specific environments of major Texas universities is key when considering the risks of hazing. While all these institutions have policies against hazing, their cultures, responses to incidents, and Greek life dynamics can vary significantly. Many Montana families choose these prominent Texas schools for their children, making this local insight particularly valuable. Due to its status as the flagship public university and its visibility to many Montana families, we will start with the University of Texas at Austin.

5.1 University of Texas at Austin (UT)

The University of Texas at Austin is one of the largest and most prestigious public universities in Texas, attracting students from across the country, including many from Montana. Its vibrant campus life, strong athletic programs, and extensive Greek system make it a dynamic environment, but also one where hazing incidents, unfortunately, occur.

5.1.1 Campus & Culture Snapshot

Located in the heart of Austin, UT is a massive institution with over 52,000 students. It boasts a diverse student body, a highly competitive academic environment, and a deeply engrained culture of traditions, spirited organizations, and a large Greek life. Many Montana students are drawn to UT for its academic reputation and urban appeal. Greek life at UT is extensive, with dozens of fraternities and sororities, alongside numerous other student organizations, including spirit groups like the Texas Cowboys (which has its own history of hazing incidents). The culture at UT is often described as work-hard, play-hard, which, unfortunately, can sometimes blur the lines between acceptable traditions and dangerous hazing.

5.1.2 Official Hazing Policy & Reporting Channels

The University of Texas at Austin maintains a clear and comprehensive anti-hazing policy, prohibiting hazing both on and off campus. The policy details prohibited behaviors, including forced consumption of alcohol, physical abuse, mental abuse, and any actions that endanger health or safety for the purpose of initiation or membership.

UT stands out among Texas universities for its commitment to transparency regarding hazing. It maintains a publicly accessible Hazing Violations page (hazing.utexas.edu) that lists organizations, the dates of incidents, the alleged conduct, investigation findings, and disciplinary sanctions. This level of public reporting is invaluable for families, serving as a critical resource to identify organizations with a history of misconduct. Reporting channels include the Dean of Students office, the Office of Student Conduct, and the University of Texas Police Department (UTPD).

5.1.3 Selected Documented Incidents & Responses

UT’s public Hazing Violations page reveals a history of incidents, including:

Pi Kappa Alpha (2023): The UT chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha was sanctioned after new members were reportedly required to consume milk and perform strenuous calisthenics as part of a hazing ritual. The university found the chapter responsible for hazing and placed it on probation, mandating enhanced hazing-prevention education. This incident echoes national patterns of physical and forced consumption hazing within Pi Kappa Alpha and other organizations.
Texas Wranglers (multiple incidents): This prominent student spirit organization has faced sanctions for various hazing violations, including forced workouts, alcohol misconduct, and other degrading practices designed to “test” new members.
Other fraternities and sororities: Numerous other Greek organizations have been disciplined for conduct ranging from forced excessive alcohol consumption and sleep deprivation to public humiliation.

Despite the university’s established reporting infrastructure and transparency, the recurring nature of these violations underscores the ongoing challenge of eradicating hazing. As the Ted B. Lyon case (2024) at the University of Texas highlights, the tragic consequences of hazing can persist, leading to legal action even when the university has acted.

5.1.4 How a UT Hazing Case Might Proceed

For Montana families, an incident at UT Austin would typically involve parallel investigations. The University of Texas Police Department (UTPD) might investigate criminal hazing offenses, while the Dean of Students office handles violations of the student code of conduct. Depending on the severity and location of the incident, the Austin Police Department could also become involved.

Civil lawsuits stemming from hazing at UT Austin would fall under the jurisdiction of Travis County (where Austin is located) courts, and potentially federal courts if federal laws (like Title IX) are implicated. Potential defendants in such a case could include individual students, the local chapter, the national fraternity/sorority, and the University of Texas System Board of Regents. While public universities benefit from sovereign immunity, this protection is not absolute and does not extend to “gross negligence” or “deliberate indifference,” or to individual employees acting outside their official capacity or committing intentional torts. A lawyer experienced in Texas hazing law, like Attorney911, can help navigate these complexities, including working across different jurisdictions if the Montana family needs to coordinate with local counsel for court appearances while Attorney911 handles the legal strategy.

5.1.5 What UT Students and Parents Should Do

For students attending UT Austin and their families in Montana, proactive measures and timely action are crucial:

Understand UT’s Policies: Familiarize yourself with the university’s anti-hazing policy and the public Hazing Violations page, which is an invaluable resource for assessing an organization’s history.
Utilize Reporting Channels: If you suspect hazing, report it immediately to the Dean of Students office or UTPD. Anonymous reporting options are available.
Document Everything: Maintain meticulous records of any suspicious activities, communications, or injuries. This includes screenshots of messages, photos of injuries with timestamps, and detailed notes of incidents.
Seek Legal Counsel Promptly: If hazing results in injury or severe trauma, contact an experienced Texas hazing lawyer right away. Attorney911 can help preserve critical evidence—which can disappear quickly—and protect your child’s rights while dealing with university processes. Our firm, based in Houston, regularly assists Texas families, including those from Montana, with cases involving major universities across the state.

5.2 University of Houston (UH)

The University of Houston, a critical institution in the nation’s fourth-largest city, is known for its diverse student body and a commitment to serving the Houston metropolitan area. For its significant Greek life and the tragic hazing incident involving Leonel Bermudez, the University of Houston holds particular relevance to hazing litigation.

5.2.1 Campus & Culture Snapshot

The University of Houston, located in the heart of Houston, Texas, is a sprawling urban campus serving over 47,000 students. It’s a vibrant, diverse university with a commuter-friendly spirit evolving towards more residential living. UH boasts a robust Greek life, comprising Interfraternity Council, Panhellenic Council, National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC), and multicultural Greek organizations. Off-campus activities are prevalent, and the campus environment combines academic rigor with a rich social scene. Many Montana families may have children attending UH, drawn by its urban opportunities and growing reputation.

5.2.2 Official Hazing Policy & Reporting Channels

The University of Houston maintains a strict policy prohibiting hazing, encompassing activities both on and off campus. Their regulations specifically ban forced consumption of alcohol or drugs, physical mistreatment, sleep deprivation, and any activities that cause mental distress as part of initiation or affiliation. UH emphasizes that consent is not a defense to hazing.

Reporting channels are available through the Dean of Students office, the Student Conduct office, and the University of Houston Police Department (UHPD). The university periodically releases summaries of disciplinary actions against student organizations, including those for hazing, though typically not with the same level of granular detail as UT Austin’s public database.

5.2.3 Documented Incidents & Attorney911’s Landmark Case

While hazing incidents have unfortunately occurred before at UH, our firm’s landmark case, Leonel Bermudez v. University of Houston / Pi Kappa Phi, has brought unprecedented scrutiny to hazing practices on campus.

The Leonel Bermudez Case (Late 2025):
Leonel Bermudez, a transfer student and pledge to the Pi Kappa Phi Beta Nu chapter at the University of Houston, allegedly endured severe hazing that resulted in acute kidney failure and rhabdomyolysis—a life-threatening condition caused by extreme muscle breakdown. Attorney911, represented by Ralph Manginello and Lupe Peña, filed a $10 million lawsuit against multiple defendants:

The University of Houston and its Board of Regents.
The national Pi Kappa Phi fraternity and its housing corporation.
Thirteen individual fraternity leaders and members, including the chapter president, pledgemaster, and risk manager.

The lawsuit details harrowing allegations of hazing conducted at the chapter house, a former member’s residence on Culmore Drive, and Yellowstone Boulevard Park in Houston. Specific egregious hazing acts included:

Pledge fanny pack rule: Pledges were forced to carry degrading items, including condoms, a sex toy, and nicotine devices, with threats of punishment for noncompliance.
Simulated waterboarding: Pledges were sprayed with a hose in a manner likened to waterboarding.
Extreme physical exertion: Bermudez was subjected to dawn and late-night workouts, including over 100 push-ups and 500 squats on November 3, 2025, leaving him unable to stand. He was also subjected to sprints, bear crawls, wheelbarrow races, and “save-your-brother” drills.
Forced consumption: Pledges were made to consume milk, hot dogs, and peppercorns until vomiting, followed by immediate strenuous activity.
Degrading acts: Bermudez and other pledges were allegedly forced to lie in vomit-soaked grass.
Delayed charter surrender: Days after Bermudez’s hospitalization, the national Pi Kappa Phi suspended the Beta Nu chapter on November 6, 2025. On November 14, members voted to surrender their charter, permanently shutting down the chapter.

Ralph Manginello commented on the dire medical outcome: “His urine was brown,” referring to a classic symptom of rhabdomyolysis and acute kidney failure. He further stated, “We’re almost in 2026. This has to stop.” Lupe Peña added, “If this prevents harm to another person…Let’s bring this to light. Enough is enough.”

The case received significant media coverage:

Another instance involved the 2016 Pi Kappa Alpha case where pledges were allegedly deprived of food, water, and sleep, resulting in one student suffering a lacerated spleen, leading to misdemeanor hazing charges and university suspension for the chapter.

5.2.4 How a UH Hazing Case Might Proceed

Hazing cases at the University of Houston, particularly severe incidents like the Bermudez case, involve multiple law enforcement agencies. These can include the University of Houston Police Department (UHPD) for on-campus violations, and the Houston Police Department (HPD) for off-campus incidents. Criminal charges can be pursued through the Harris County District Attorney’s Office.

Civil lawsuits are typically filed in Harris County civil courts, or federal courts if federal claims are involved. Potential defendants include individuals directly involved, the local chapter, the national organization, property owners (if applicable), and the University of Houston System and its Board of Regents. While public universities can claim sovereign immunity, our lawsuit directly challenges this by asserting claims of gross negligence and other theories that pierce such protections, a crucial aspect for families in Montana to understand.

5.2.5 What UH Students and Parents Should Do

For students at UH and their families in Montana:

Report Suspected Hazing: Use the official UH reporting channels, including the Dean of Students office or UHPD, immediately.
Document Thoroughly: Collect and preserve all digital and physical evidence related to the hazing. The details from the Bermudez case demonstrate the critical importance of digital evidence, such as group chat messages, photos, and any instructions regarding hazing.
Seek Medical Attention: If physical or psychological harm occurs, prioritize medical evaluation and ensure that the cause of the injury (hazing) is clearly documented in medical records.
Contact Legal Counsel: Given the complexity of cases against public universities and national fraternities, consulting an experienced hazing attorney like Attorney911 is paramount. We handle cases for families across Texas, including those from Montana, and are currently litigating a landmark case against Pi Kappa Phi and the University of Houston. This gives us direct experience with the university’s processes and strategies.

5.3 Texas A&M University

Texas A&M University stands as a pillar of tradition, especially renowned for its Corps of Cadets. Attracting students from all corners, including Montana, A&M’s deep-seated traditions and highly organized student life make it a unique environment where hazing incidents, unfortunately, have occurred in both Greek life and the Corps.

5.3.1 Campus & Culture Snapshot

Nestled in College Station, Texas A&M is one of the largest public universities in the U.S., proudly serving over 74,000 students. Its culture is fiercely traditional, characterized by Aggie Spirit, military influence through the Corps of Cadets, and a strong sense of community. Greek life thrives, offering a counterpoint to the more formal Corps, but both environments, steeped in “tradition,” have faced scrutiny over hazing. Many Montana families send their children to Texas A&M, drawn by its engineering programs, veterinary school, and the promise of a unique college experience.

5.3.2 Official Hazing Policy & Reporting Channels

Texas A&M maintains a stringent anti-hazing policy that is explicitly communicated to all student organizations, including Greek life and the Corps of Cadets. Its policies define hazing broadly and prohibit any activity that involves physical abuse, mental distress, forced consumption of substances, or other degrading acts. The university emphasizes a zero-tolerance stance.

Reporting channels include the Dean of Student Life, the Office of Student Conduct, and the Texas A&M University Police Department (TAMU PD). The university also provides a mechanism for anonymous reporting. Transparency regarding hazing incidents and disciplinary actions has increased in recent years, though in-depth details of specific cases might not always be publicly available.

5.3.3 Selected Documented Incidents & Responses

Texas A&M has a documented history of hazing allegations and incidents that illustrate the challenges of maintaining tradition without crossing into abuse:

Sigma Alpha Epsilon (around 2021): This highly publicized incident involved allegations of severe physical and chemical hazing. Pledges claimed they were subjected to strenuous physical activity and had substances, including industrial-strength cleaner, raw eggs, and spit, poured on them. This resulted in severe chemical burns requiring emergency skin graft surgeries. The SAE chapter was suspended by the university, and the affected pledges filed a lawsuit seeking over $1 million, highlighting the extreme dangers of physical and chemical hazing and the potential for severe, life-altering injuries. Nationally, Sigma Alpha Epsilon has faced numerous hazing-related deaths and severe injuries, including a traumatic brain injury lawsuit at the University of Alabama and others across the U.S.
Corps of Cadets Hazing (2023): A former cadet filed a lawsuit alleging degrading hazing within the Corps. The allegations included forced consumption of unusual substances, being bound in a “roasted pig” pose with an apple in his mouth, and simulated sexual acts. This case underscores that hazing is not exclusive to Greek life and can manifest in highly ritualized, tradition-heavy organizations like ROTC or the Corps of Cadets. While A&M stated it addressed the matter under its internal rules, the lawsuit sought over $1 million in damages, indicating the severity of the alleged abuse.
Aggie Bonfire Collapse (1999): While not traditional hazing, the tragic collapse of the Aggie Bonfire, a long-standing student-run tradition, killed 12 and injured 27. This incident raised critical questions about the dangers of unsupervised, tradition-based student activities and institutional oversight. Multiple lawsuits against university officials resulted in settlements exceeding $6 million, leading to the permanent cessation of the official Bonfire tradition. This pre-Greek life case serves as a sober reminder of the risks associated with certain student-led campus traditions.

5.3.4 How a Texas A&M Hazing Case Might Proceed

Incidents at Texas A&M would involve investigations by the Texas A&M University Police Department (TAMU PD) for criminal matters, and the Dean of Student Life for code of conduct violations. Civil lawsuits against the university, the Corps, or Greek organizations would typically be filed in Brazos County (where College Station is located) courts, or potentially federal courts. As a public institution, Texas A&M and its system Board of Regents may assert claims of sovereign immunity. However, as in the hazing lawsuit against the University of Houston, this immunity is not absolute, especially in cases alleging “gross negligence” or “deliberate indifference,” or for claims against individuals. Attorney911 is deeply familiar with navigating these complex legal challenges for families in Montana and across Texas.

5.3.5 What Texas A&M Students and Parents Should Do

For Aggie students and their families in Montana:

Be Vigilant in All Organizations: Understand that hazing risks exist beyond Greek life, extending to the Corps of Cadets, athletic teams, and other student groups.
Familiarize with Policies: Know A&M’s anti-hazing policies and use their official reporting mechanisms if you suspect an incident.
Prioritize Documentation: In hazing situations, especially those involving physical harm, meticulously document everything. Given the history of chemical burns with SAE and the allegations within the Corps, photographic evidence of injuries and detailed written accounts are crucial.
Seek Immediate Legal Advice: Contact an experienced Texas hazing lawyer at Attorney911 if a hazing incident causes physical or psychological harm. Our attorneys understand the unique dynamics of institutions like Texas A&M and are prepared to challenge complex defenses.

5.4 Southern Methodist University (SMU)

Southern Methodist University, known for its strong academic programs and vibrant social scene, attracts students from influential families across the nation, including Montana. Its Greek life is a central part of campus culture, which unfortunately has made it a flashpoint for hazing incidents.

5.4.1 Campus & Culture Snapshot

Located in a picturesque residential area of Dallas, SMU is a private university with a highly competitive academic environment, recognized for its business, law, and liberal arts programs. The university serves approximately 12,000 students and boasts one of the most active Greek life communities in Texas. The campus culture is often described as spirited and social, with Greek organizations playing a prominent role in campus events and traditions. Many Montana families send their children to SMU for its academic rigor and networking opportunities. This dynamic social environment, while offering many opportunities, can also unfortunately foster conditions where hazing rituals perpetuate.

5.4.2 Official Hazing Policy & Reporting Channels

SMU maintains a strict, zero-tolerance anti-hazing policy, clearly outlining prohibited behaviors and the severe consequences for violations. As a private institution, SMU’s policies govern all student organizations, and a breach can lead to suspension or expulsion for individuals, and suspension or permanent ban for organizations.

Reporting channels are available through the Office of Student Conduct and Community Standards, and the SMU Police Department. Anonymous reporting options are also provided, including a system called Real Response, which encourages students to report misconduct without fear of direct confrontation.

5.4.3 Selected Documented Incidents & Responses

SMU has faced its share of hazing allegations, leading to disciplinary actions against several Greek organizations:

Kappa Alpha Order (2017 & 2021): The SMU chapter of Kappa Alpha Order has had a notably troubled history with hazing.
- In 2017, allegations surfaced involving pledges who were reportedly paddled, forced to consume excessive alcohol, and deprived of sleep. The national organization worked with SMU officials to suspend the chapter, imposing severe restrictions on its activities and recruitment until around 2021.
- Following this, the chapter was once again cited in 2021 for additional hazing activity linked to initiation rites, which resulted in a further suspension extended until 2023. These repeated incidents highlight the persistent challenge of enforcing anti-hazing policies, even at institutions with clear rules. Nationally, Kappa Alpha Order has a long history of hazing allegations, which contributes to the pattern evidence for such cases.
Other Greek Life Sanctions: SMU’s records indicate that various other fraternities and sororities have periodically faced administrative sanctions for hazing-related offenses. These typically involve alcohol violations, physical endurance tests, and mentally distressing activities during initiation periods.

5.4.4 How an SMU Hazing Case Might Proceed

As a private university, SMU is not protected by sovereign immunity to the same extent as public institutions. This means that civil lawsuits against SMU can often proceed more directly than against public universities like UT or Texas A&M. Investigations into hazing allegations would be conducted by the SMU Police Department for criminal matters, and the Office of Student Conduct for policy violations. Criminal charges related to hazing would be processed through the Dallas County District Attorney’s Office.

Civil lawsuits would typically be filed in Dallas County civil courts. Potential defendants could include individual student perpetrators, the local chapter, the national organization, property owners (if hazing occurred off-campus), and SMU itself. An experienced hazing attorney from Attorney911 can help Montana families navigate the specific challenges and advantages of litigation against a private university.

5.4.5 What SMU Students and Parents Should Do

For SMU students and their families in Montana:

Understand the Campus Culture: Be aware of the strong social pressures prevalent in SMU’s Greek system and its potential to contribute to hazing scenarios.
Use All Reporting Tools: Utilize SMU’s official channels, including anonymous options like Real Response, to report any suspected hazing.
Document Vigilantly: Preserve all evidence—digital communications, photos, videos, and detailed personal accounts—as this will be crucial for any investigation or legal action.
Consult Attorney911: If a hazing incident at SMU results in injury or profound distress, contact our legal team for a confidential consultation. Our firm understands how to approach hazing cases against private institutions and their affiliated national organizations, offering comprehensive legal strategies for families across Texas, including those from Montana.

5.5 Baylor University

Baylor University, a private Baptist university in Waco, has a distinct culture grounded in its religious mission. Despite its values-based approach, Baylor has faced significant institutional challenges, including high-profile scandals, which unfortunately extend to hazing allegations in some student organizations.

5.5.1 Campus & Culture Snapshot

Baylor University, located in Waco, Texas, is the oldest continuously operating university in Texas, serving approximately 20,000 students. As a private Christian university, Baylor emphasizes a faith-based education and offers a vibrant campus life with strong traditions, competitive athletics, and an active Greek system. Many Montana families are drawn to Baylor for its academic offerings, Christian environment, and smaller class sizes. However, like many institutions with deep traditions, Baylor has encountered challenges related to student conduct, including hazing, intertwined with its broader institutional history of managing student safety.

5.5.2 Official Hazing Policy & Reporting Channels

Baylor University maintains a strict “no tolerance” anti-hazing policy that is clearly communicated to all students and student organizations. The policy defines hazing broadly and strictly prohibits any physical, emotional, or mental abuse, forced consumption of substances, or any other activity that could endanger a student for initiation or membership. Baylor’s policies are often more conservative than those at public universities due to its religious affiliation, further emphasizing its prohibition of alcohol and illicit substances.

Official reporting channels include the Student Conduct Administration, the Baylor University Police Department (BUPD), and various confidential reporting options available through the university’s website.

5.5.3 Selected Documented Incidents & Responses

Baylor’s history includes challenges with student conduct, and while its highly publicized issues (such as the football sexual assault scandal) grabbed national attention, hazing incidents have also occurred:

Baylor Baseball Hazing (2020): A significant incident involved the Baylor baseball team, where investigations revealed hazing practices among team members. This led to the suspension of 14 players, with suspensions staggered over a portion of the season. This case highlights that hazing can affect highly visible athletic programs and indicates a willingness by Baylor to take disciplinary action within its sports teams.
Greek Life Violations: While often less publicly detailed than at state universities, Baylor’s Greek system has periodically faced sanctions for hazing-related offenses. These typically involve violations of university policies regarding alcohol and conduct during new member educational periods. The incidents often reveal a conflict between the university’s values-based prohibitions (e.g., against alcohol) and underlying pressures within student organizations to conform to established, often illicit, traditions. Nationally, organizations with chapters at Baylor, such as Phi Gamma Delta and Pi Beta Phi, have faced hazing allegations at other campuses, contributing to the broader risk profile.

5.5.4 How a Baylor Hazing Case Might Proceed

Given Baylor’s status as a private university, civil lawsuits against the institution are not subject to sovereign immunity. This means that families from Montana would likely pursue claims directly against Baylor University, in addition to individual perpetrators, the local chapter, and any relevant national organization. Investigations would involve the Baylor University Police Department (BUPD) for criminal allegations and the Student Conduct Administration for policy violations. Criminal charges would be handled by the McLennan County District Attorney’s Office.

Civil lawsuits would typically be filed in McLennan County civil courts, or potentially federal courts for broader civil rights claims. Families in Montana pursuing a case against Baylor should understand that litigation against private institutions often involves unique discovery challenges and demands a strong strategic approach. Attorney911’s experience with comprehensive institutional accountability cases ensures that all avenues for justice are explored.

5.5.5 What Baylor Students and Parents Should Do

For Baylor students and their families in Montana:

Adhere to Baylor’s Code of Conduct: Be aware that Baylor’s policies, particularly regarding alcohol and student behavior, are often more conservative and strictly enforced than at other universities.
Report All Suspected Hazing: Utilize Baylor’s reporting channels, including confidential options, to ensure that incidents are officially documented.
Document Extensively: As with any hazing situation, preserve all evidence, including digital communications, photos, and any records of injuries or psychological distress. This is crucial given the often private nature of investigations at private universities.
Contact an Experienced Lawyer: If a hazing incident at Baylor results in significant harm, engage legal counsel promptly. Attorney911 can provide crucial guidance on navigating the university’s internal processes alongside potential civil litigation, ensuring that your rights are protected and that the quest for accountability is effectively managed.

5.6 Montana State University

While our primary focus is Texas institutions, it’s essential to acknowledge Montana State University (MSU) in Bozeman, as it is a major academic hub in our local community and a place where hazing risks also exist. For any families in Montana who have children attending MSU or other Montana colleges, the principles discussed in this guide about hazing and legal recourse are equally pertinent.

5.6.1 Campus & Culture Snapshot

Montana State University is located in Bozeman, a vibrant community surrounded by the stunning Bridger Mountains. MSU serves a diverse student body, including many generations of Montana families, known for its strong programs in engineering, agriculture, and natural sciences. The campus culture is deeply connected to outdoor activities and a strong sense of community. MSU hosts a variety of student organizations, including Greek life, athletic teams, and various clubs, all of which contribute to student engagement but also present potential environments for hazing.

5.6.2 Official Hazing Policy & Reporting Channels

Montana State University, like all accredited institutions, has a strict anti-hazing policy that prohibits any action that endangers the mental or physical health of a student for the purpose of initiation or membership. MSU’s policies align with state anti-hazing statutes and federal guidelines, emphasizing a safe and inclusive campus environment.

Reporting channels for hazing incidents at MSU include the Dean of Students office, University Police, and various online anonymous reporting forms. The university is committed to investigating all reports and taking appropriate disciplinary action.

5.6.3 Selected Documented Incidents & Responses

While specific detailed hazing incidents at MSU are not widely publicized in the same manner as some larger Texas institutions, the presence of Greek life and various student organizations means the potential for hazing always exists. Historically, Montana State University has had discussions and investigations into student conduct related to group initiations. The case of Les Bouffons (The Clowns) Secret Society in 1948 where a post-initiation game led to a shooting is a stark reminder, even if dated, of how uncontrolled “traditions” can go awry.

5.6.4 How an MSU Hazing Case Might Proceed

As a public university, Montana State University benefits from sovereign immunity under Montana state law. However, similar to the Texas context, this immunity is not absolute. Legal actions in Montana against MSU or its affiliated organizations could proceed in state courts (Gallatin County for Bozeman) or potentially federal courts, depending on the claims. Successful litigation would likely focus on allegations of “gross negligence” or “deliberate indifference” by the university, or actions against individual perpetrators. Attorney911, while based in Texas, can consult with Montana families and explore co-counsel relationships with local attorneys to ensure seamless representation, bringing our national hazing litigation expertise to aid our local community.

5.6.5 What MSU Students and Parents Should Do

For MSU students and their families in Montana:

Be Informed: Understand MSU’s anti-hazing policies and actively participate in conversations about safe and healthy student transitions.
Document and Report: If you experience or witness hazing, document all details—digital communications, photos, and any physical or emotional impacts. Report to MSU directly through official channels or anonymously.
Seek Support and Counsel: If hazing severely impacts a student’s well-being, seek immediate medical and psychological support. For legal guidance, do not hesitate to reach out to an experienced attorney. Attorney911 can provide initial consultation services for Montana families, helping to outline pathways for legal action and accountability, regardless of the institution involved.

6. Fraternities & Sororities: Campus-Specific + National Histories

Understanding the landscape of Greek organizations in Texas and Montana, and their historical context, is vital for parents and students. Many of the organizations present at major Texas universities, like those we’ve discussed, are part of national or international networks. Their national histories, including past hazing incidents, are critical for understanding current risks and asserting legal claims.

6.1 Why National Histories Matter

The fact that many fraternities and sororities operate under national charters profoundly impacts how hazing cases are pursued. These national headquarters are typically multi-million-dollar corporations that establish policies, provide training, collect dues, and exert a degree of control over their local chapters.

Why does this matter for Montana families? Because these national organizations often have thick anti-hazing manuals and elaborate risk management policies precisely because they have faced deaths and catastrophic injuries in the past. They know the patterns: forced drinking nights, dehumanizing rituals, physical calisthenics, and the code of silence.

When a Texas chapter, whether at UH, Texas A&M, UT, SMU, or Baylor, repeats a hazing script that has led to injury or death at another chapter in a different state, it provides powerful evidence for a lawsuit. This demonstrates foreseeability—the national organization knew, or should have known, that such hazing was a dangerous possibility due to past incidents within their own system. This prior knowledge strengthens arguments for negligence or even gross negligence against the national entity, directly impacting potential compensatory and punitive damages.

6.2 Organization Mapping: National Patterns & Texas Chapters

Let’s look at some prominent organizations with a presence at Texas universities and their national hazing histories. This is not an exhaustive list, but highlights organizations that have faced significant scrutiny:

Pi Kappa Alpha (ΠΚΑ / Pike): This fraternity has a presence at many Texas universities, including UT Austin and Texas A&M. Nationally, Pi Kappa Alpha has faced multiple hazing lawsuits, notably the 2021 death of Stone Foltz at Bowling Green State University, where a pledge died from alcohol poisoning after being forced to consume a bottle of liquor. A $10 million settlement was reached in that case. Earlier, the 2012 death of David Bogenberger at Northern Illinois University from alcohol poisoning during a hazing event also involved Pi Kappa Alpha, resulting in a $14 million settlement. These incidents demonstrate a pattern of dangerous alcohol-related hazing within the national organization, making their chapters in Texas subject to scrutiny if similar patterns emerge.
Sigma Alpha Epsilon (ΣΑΕ / SAE): Long dubbed “America’s deadliest fraternity” by some media outlets, SAE has a history of multiple hazing-related deaths and severe injuries nationwide, with chapters at UT Austin and Texas A&M.
- At Texas A&M around 2021, a lawsuit alleged pledges suffered severe chemical burns after being doused with industrial cleaner and other substances during a hazing ritual.
- At the University of Alabama in 2023, a lawsuit alleged a pledge sustained a traumatic brain injury during hazing.
- In January 2024 at UT Austin, an exchange student alleged assault by members, resulting in a dislocated leg, fractured tibia, and broken nose, where the chapter was already under suspension for prior violations.
- In 2008, Carson Starkey at Cal Poly died of alcohol poisoning from hazing. These cases demonstrate a recurring pattern of both physical and alcohol-related hazing within SAE, making their Texas chapters particularly vulnerable to legal action if similar incidents occur.
Phi Delta Theta (ΦΔΘ): With chapters at UT Austin, Texas A&M, and Baylor, Phi Delta Theta nationally has been implicated in tragic hazing incidents. The most prominent is the 2017 death of Maxwell “Max” Gruver at Louisiana State University, where “Bible study” drinking games led to his death from alcohol toxicity. This case led to the Max Gruver Act in Louisiana, a felony hazing statute. This national history means any similar incident at a Texas Phi Delta Theta chapter would face immediate scrutiny regarding the national organization’s oversight and enforcement of policies.
Pi Kappa Phi (ΠΚΦ): This fraternity also has a presence across Texas universities, including the University of Houston where our firm is currently litigating a landmark hazing case. Nationally, Pi Kappa Phi was involved in the 2017 death of Andrew Coffey at Florida State University, where he died from alcohol poisoning during a “Big Brother Night” event. These national incidents, alongside our new Leonel Bermudez case at UH, establish a clear pattern of dangerous activities warranting accountability from the national organization and its Texas chapters.
Kappa Alpha Order (ΚΑΟ): Chapters of Kappa Alpha Order are found at colleges like SMU and Texas A&M. This organization has a history of hazing allegations, including the 2017 incident at SMU where members were accused of paddling, forced alcohol consumption, and sleep deprivation. These local issues reflect broader national concerns and allegations against the fraternity.
Sigma Chi (ΣΧ): With chapters at major Texas universities, Sigma Chi has faced significant legal action for hazing. The College of Charleston, 2024, hazing lawsuit against Sigma Chi resulted in the plaintiff receiving over $10 million in damages, one of the largest settlements ever for a hazing case. The allegations included physical beatings and forced consumption of drugs and alcohol. These national patterns establish foreseability and a duty of care for their Texas chapters.

6.3 Tie Back to Legal Strategy

For Montana families, understanding these national histories transforms a local incident into a broader pattern, directly impacting legal strategy:

Foreseeability: Past identical or similar incidents at other chapters of the same national organization are crucial. Defense teams can no longer claim the hazing was “unforeseeable” when the national organization has a history of such incidents, especially if those incidents led to deaths, injuries, or prior sanctions.
Policy vs. Practice: National organizations may point to their extensive anti-hazing policies. However, a pattern of repeated hazing shows a fundamental gap between policy and practice, suggesting negligent supervision or a failure to meaningfully enforce their own rules.
Settlement Leverage and Insurance: This pattern evidence can significantly increase settlement leverage. It can also help overcome attempts by insurance companies to deny coverage, as insurers may be forced to acknowledge the organization’s prior knowledge of hazing methods.
Punitive Damages: In some cases, proving a history of repeated misconduct and a willful disregard for safety can lead to claims for punitive damages, designed to punish the defendants and deter future wrongdoing.

By mapping these national patterns to local Texas chapters, Attorney911 builds comprehensive cases that highlight institutions’ long-standing failures and push for profound accountability.

Complete Montana Greek Organization Directory

Attorney911 tracks every IRS-registered Greek organization in Montana:

ALPHA SIGMA PHI FRATERNITY INC | EIN: 82-2481659 | BOZEMAN, MT
SIGMA BETA CHAPTER BUILDING ASSOCIATION OF CHI OMEGA | EIN: 81-0296314 | BOZEMAN, MT

7. Building a Case: Evidence, Damages, Strategy

Building a compelling hazing case requires meticulous investigation and a deep understanding of legal strategy. For families in Montana whose child has been impacted by hazing in Texas, confronting powerful institutions like universities and national fraternities can feel daunting. Our approach at Attorney911 is built on uncovering every piece of evidence and strategically presenting the full scope of damages.

7.1 Evidence

In hazing cases, evidence is everything. It’s often transient, hidden, or intentionally destroyed, making rapid and thorough collection critical.

Digital Communications: In 2025, group chats are often the “smoking gun.” Platforms like GroupMe, WhatsApp, Signal, Telegram, Discord, and even iMessage group texts are used by organizations and pledges for communication. These platforms capture planning, directives, peer pressure, and even evidence of hazing in progress. Timely screenshots of full threads with visible names and timestamps are invaluable. Even “disappearing messages” (e.g., Snapchat) can sometimes be captured via screen recording. Our firm utilizes digital forensics experts who can, in many instances, recover deleted messages from phones or cloud backups, providing irrefutable proof.
Photos & Videos: Visual evidence is powerful. This includes photos or videos taken by participants during hazing events, security camera footage from houses or venues, and even doorbell camera (e.g., Ring) recordings if events spill outdoors. Photos of injuries, taken immediately and over several days to show progression, are vital. Our Attorney911 YouTube video, “Use Your Cellphone to Document a Legal Case” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LLbpzrmogTs), provides practical guidance on how to properly collect this digital evidence effectively.
Internal Organization Documents: These include pledge manuals, initiation scripts, “tradition” lists, rules for new members, and any communications (emails, texts) from officers outlining “new member education” activities. These documents can reveal the organization’s specific practices and the degree of knowledge and involvement by leadership.
University Records: Through subpoena and public records requests, we can uncover a wealth of information from universities: prior conduct files, records of probation or suspensions for the organization, incident reports filed with campus police or student conduct offices, and even internal emails among administrators regarding the organization’s behavior. The University of Texas’s public Hazing Violations page, for example, is a testament to the fact that universities often possess extensive records of prior misconduct.
Medical and Psychological Records: These are critical for establishing the extent of harm. This includes emergency room and hospitalization records, surgical reports, physical therapy notes, toxicology reports (particularly where alcohol or drugs are involved), and psychological evaluations diagnosing conditions like PTSD, depression, or anxiety resulting from the hazing. Ensuring that medical providers document “hazing” as the cause of injury is paramount.
Witness Testimony: Individual accounts from pledges, current or former members, roommates, Resident Advisors (RAs), coaches, trainers, or even bystanders can provide context, corroboration, and critical insights into the hazing culture and specific events.

7.2 Damages

When pursuing a hazing lawsuit, the goal is to recover full and fair compensation for all harms suffered. This encompasses economic losses, non-economic suffering, and in tragic cases, wrongful death damages. Our Attorney911 YouTube video, “What Exactly Is a Personal Injury?” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWdADo3DHRI), further explains this concept.

Medical Bills & Future Care: This covers all costs of medical treatment, from emergency room visits, ambulance transport, and hospitalization, to ongoing therapies (physical, occupational, speech), medications, and potential future surgeries. For catastrophic injuries like brain damage (as in the Danny Santulli case) or organ failure (like Leonel Bermudez’s rhabdomyolysis), this can include lifetime care plans.
Lost Earnings / Educational Impact: This includes lost income if a student is unable to work due to injuries, but also extends to the significant financial impact of missed semesters, loss of scholarships (academic, athletic, or Greek-based), delayed graduation, and a reduced lifetime earning capacity if injuries lead to permanent disabilities.
Non-Economic Damages: These address the more subjective, yet profoundly impactful, forms of suffering. This includes physical pain and suffering, intense emotional distress, trauma, humiliation, and the loss of enjoyment of life. Hazing often results in severe psychological harm, such as PTSD, depression, anxiety, and even suicidal ideation, all of which are compensable.
Wrongful Death Damages: In the tragic event of a hazing-related death, surviving family members can pursue wrongful death claims. Our firm’s expertise in this area (https://attorney911.com/law-practice-areas/wrongful-death-claim-lawyer/) allows us to seek compensation for funeral and burial costs, loss of financial support the deceased would have provided, and the profound loss of companionship, love, and emotional support for parents, spouses, and children.
Punitive Damages: In cases where defendants acted with extreme recklessness, malice, or a callous disregard for safety, punitive damages may be awarded. These are not intended to compensate the victim but to punish the wrongdoer and deter similar conduct in the future. As seen in the $10 million settlement in the Stone Foltz case against Pi Kappa Alpha, the stakes for such behavior are incredibly high.

7.3 Role of Different Defendants and Insurance Coverage

Facing a hazing lawsuit means confronting multiple, well-resourced defendants. Universities and national fraternities are typically backed by sophisticated legal teams and extensive insurance policies. Insurers may initially deny coverage, arguing that hazing constitutes “intentional acts” or “criminal behavior” and is thus excluded from their policies.

However, an experienced hazing lawyer knows how to navigate these complexities. We identify all potential sources of insurance coverage, scrutinize policy language, and argue that even if the hazing itself was intentional, the national organization’s or university’s failure to supervise, prevent, or intervene was negligent, which can be covered. Lupe Peña’s background as a former insurance defense attorney (https://attorney911.com/attorneys/lupe-pena/) is a significant asset here, as she intimately understands the strategies and arguments used by defense lawyers and insurance carriers.

Our firm’s extensive experience litigating against massive institutions, including our involvement in the BP Texas City explosion litigation and other federal court cases, demonstrates our ability to take on powerful defendants and secure multi-million-dollar results for clients. We are not intimidated by the resources of national fraternities or universities.

8. Practical Guides & FAQs

For Montana families dealing with the aftermath of hazing, actionable advice is invaluable. Here, we offer guides for parents, students, and witnesses, along with answers to critical questions.

8.1 For Parents: Recognizing & Responding to Hazing

The signs of hazing can be subtle, but your vigilance as a parent is the first line of defense.

Warning Signs of Hazing: Look for unexplained bruises, burns, or “accidents” that don’t quite make sense. Notice severe exhaustion, chronic sleep deprivation, or significant changes in appetite or appearance. Pay close attention to sudden and drastic shifts in mood, increased anxiety, social withdrawal from friends and family, or a new defensiveness when asked about group activities. A constant preoccupation with their phone for group chats, or an explicit fear of missing “mandatory” events, can also be red flags.
How to Talk to Your Child: Approach your child with empathy and an open mind. Ask non-judgmental questions, emphasizing that their safety and well-being are your top priorities, far above any group affiliation. Reassure them that you will support them no matter what, and that they can confide in you without fear of judgment.
If Your Child is Hurt: Prioritize medical care immediately. Do not delay. Document everything: take clear photos of any injuries (with dates and timestamps), save all relevant texts or communications, and meticulously record what your child tells you about the incident, including names, dates, and locations.
Dealing with the University: When interacting with university administrators, document every conversation, email, and meeting. Specifically inquire about any prior hazing incidents involving the organization in question and what actions the university took in response. This information can be critical to establishing a pattern of negligence.
When to Talk to a Lawyer: If your child sustains significant physical or psychological harm or if you feel the university or organization is minimizing the incident or attempting a cover-up, it is crucial to consult an experienced hazing attorney.

8.2 For Students / Pledges: Self-Assessment & Safety Planning

You have rights, and your safety is paramount.

Is This Hazing or Just Tradition? If an activity makes you feel unsafe, humiliated, coerced, or uncomfortable; if you are forced to drink or endure physical pain; or if the activity has to be hidden from the public, staff, or faculty, it is almost certainly hazing. Remember, if you feel there are negative consequences for refusing to participate, your “agreement” is not truly voluntary.
Why “Consent” Isn’t the End of the Story: Texas law (Education Code § 37.155) explicitly states that consent is NOT a defense to hazing. The law recognizes the immense power dynamics and fear of exclusion that exist during initiation, meaning your “agreement” is rarely true, uncoerced consent.
Exiting and Reporting Safely: You have the absolute right to leave any dangerous or uncomfortable situation at any time. If you are in immediate danger, call 911. If you wish to de-pledge, clearly communicate that decision to the organization’s leadership, preferably in writing (email or text), and inform a trusted adult or university official. Do not put yourself in a position where you might be pressured or intimidated.
Good-Faith Reporting and Amnesty: Many schools and Texas law offer good-faith protections or limited amnesty for students who call for help in an emergency, even if they were drinking underage or involved in hazing. Prioritize getting help for anyone in distress.

8.3 For Former Members / Witnesses: Your Role in Accountability

If you were a part of an organization where hazing occurred, or witnessed it, your voice can be crucial.

Prevent Future Harm: Your testimony and evidence can directly prevent future injuries or deaths. You can stop the cycle of abuse and protect other students from suffering what you or others experienced.
Seek Legal Advice: If you have concerns about your own liability due to past involvement, contact an attorney. While your cooperation may be requested, having legal counsel to advise you on your rights and responsibilities is essential. Our firm, handling both civil and criminal aspects of hazing cases, can advise on all tracks.
Shared Accountability: Your cooperation as a witness can significantly aid in holding the responsible individuals and institutions accountable, contributing to justice for victims. Your perspective offers invaluable insight into the culture and patterns that enabled the hazing.

8.4 Critical Mistakes That Can Destroy Your Case

Hazing cases are complex, and missteps—often made with the best intentions—can severely harm a claim. Understanding our Attorney911 YouTube video, “Client Mistakes That Can Ruin Your Injury Case” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3IYsoxOSxY) is critical.

MISTAKES THAT CAN RUIN YOUR HAZING CASE:

Letting your child delete messages or “clean up” evidence: Parents often want to protect their child from further trouble, leading to the destruction of digital evidence. This can be viewed as spoliation of evidence, making a civil case nearly impossible and potentially leading to accusations of obstruction. Instead: Preserve everything immediately, even embarrassing or uncomfortable content.
Confronting the fraternity/sorority directly: While understandable, direct confrontation often backfires. Organizations will immediately “lawyer up,” destroy evidence, coach witnesses, and solidify their defense. Instead: Document everything privately, then consult an attorney before any direct engagement.
Signing university “release” or “resolution” forms: Universities may pressure families to sign waivers or agreements for “internal resolutions.” Signing such documents can inadvertently waive your legal rights to pursue a lawsuit or may bind you to settlements far below the actual value of your case. Instead: Never sign any university document without legal review by an experienced attorney.
Posting details on social media before talking to a lawyer: The desire for public awareness is strong, but sharing details on social media can compromise your case. Defense attorneys routinely scour social media, and inconsistencies or premature disclosures can harm credibility or accidentally waive legal protections. Instead: Document privately and allow your lawyer to control public messaging.
Letting your child go back to “one last meeting”: Organizations, once aware of potential issues, may attempt to pressure or intimidate victims into silence or extracting statements that undermine their case. Instead: If legal action is being considered, all communication should cease or be funneled through your attorney.
Waiting “to see how the university handles it”: Universities have their own interests and processes, which may not align with a victim’s pursuit of full justice. Critical evidence disappears, witnesses graduate, and statutes of limitations can expire while waiting for internal university investigations. Instead: Preserve all evidence immediately and consult a lawyer to run parallel investigations and legal strategy.
Talking to insurance adjusters without a lawyer: Insurance adjusters, even those representing your own policy, are trained to minimize payouts. Your recorded statements can be used against you, and early settlement offers are almost always lowball. Instead: Politely decline to speak with them and instruct them to contact your attorney.

8.5 Short FAQ

“Can I sue a university for hazing in Texas?”
Yes, under certain circumstances. Public universities in Texas (like UT, Texas A&M, UH) are protected by sovereign immunity, but exceptions often apply for cases alleging gross negligence, deliberate indifference, or violations of federal laws like Title IX. Private universities (like SMU and Baylor) generally have fewer immunity protections. Every case is unique, and you should contact Attorney911 at 1-888-ATTY-911 for a case assessment.
“Is hazing a felony in Texas?”
It can be. While basic hazing is a Class B misdemeanor, it becomes a state jail felony under Texas law if it causes serious bodily injury or death. Additionally, individuals (like fraternity officers) can face misdemeanor charges for failing to report hazing they witnessed or knew about.
“Can my child bring a case if they ‘agreed’ to the initiation?”
Yes. Texas Education Code § 37.155 explicitly states that a victim’s consent is not a defense to hazing charges or a civil lawsuit. The law recognizes that consent given under duress, peer pressure, or fear of exclusion is not true voluntary consent.
“How long do we have to file a hazing lawsuit?”
Generally, the statute of limitations in Texas is two years from the date of injury or death. However, in cases of fraudulent concealment or where the harm isn’t immediately apparent, the “discovery rule” may extend this period. Because evidence disappears and memories fade, it’s crucial to act quickly. Our Attorney911 YouTube video, “Is There a Statute of Limitations on My Case?” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MRHwg8tV02c) provides more information. Call 1-888-ATTY-911 immediately.
“What if the hazing happened off-campus or at a private house?”
The location of hazing does not automatically eliminate liability. Universities and national organizations can still be held accountable based on their knowledge, sponsorship, control over the organization, and the foreseeability of hazing activities, regardless of whether they occurred on or off campus. Many significant hazing lawsuits, including the Pi Delta Psi case with Michael Deng, occurred at off-campus retreats.
“Will this be confidential, or will my child’s name be in the news?”
Many hazing cases are resolved through confidential settlements to protect the privacy of all parties. While some cases may attract media attention, protecting a family’s privacy is a priority, and we can explore legal strategies to maintain confidentiality where possible.

9. About The Manginello Law Firm + Call to Action

When your family in Montana faces the profound trauma of hazing, you need more than a general personal injury lawyer. You need attorneys who understand how powerful institutions fight back—and how to win anyway. At The Manginello Law Firm, PLLC, operating as Attorney911, we bring unparalleled experience and a relentless commitment to justice in hazing and campus abuse cases across Texas.

Our firm is uniquely qualified to take on these complex, high-stakes cases. Lupe Peña, our associate attorney, brings an invaluable “insurance insider advantage.” As a former insurance defense attorney at a national firm (https://attorney911.com/attorneys/lupe-pena/), she intimately understands how fraternity and university insurance companies evaluate, or undervalue, hazing claims. She knows their delay tactics, their arguments for coverage exclusions, and their precise settlement strategies because she used to be on their side. “We know their playbook because we used to run it.”

Our managing partner, Ralph Manginello (https://attorney911.com/attorneys/ralph-manginello/), leads with a quarter-century of complex litigation experience. He was one of the few Texas attorneys involved in the BP Texas City explosion litigation and excels in federal court, as demonstrated by his admission to the U.S. District Court, Southern District of Texas. This background means we are not intimidated by national fraternities, universities, or their formidable defense teams. “We’ve taken on billion-dollar corporations and won. We know how to fight powerful defendants.”

We are not just personal injury lawyers; we are specialists in institutional accountability, particularly when hazing causes catastrophic injury or wrongful death. We understand how fraternities, sororities, Corps programs, and athletic departments operate behind closed doors. Our multi-million dollar wrongful death (https://attorney911.com/law-practice-areas/wrongful-death-claim-lawyer/) and catastrophic injury results prove we build cases that force accountability, not just quick settlements. We don’t settle cheap; we build cases that compel justice.

The Leonel Bermudez case against Pi Kappa Phi and the University of Houston is proof of our active litigation in serious hazing matters. We are currently exposing the playbook of institutional defendants and fighting for accountability. We understand the nuances of proving gross negligence against large educational institutions.

Our expertise extends to the intersection of criminal and civil law. Ralph’s membership in the Harris County Criminal Lawyers Association (HCCLA) provides critical insight into the criminal aspects of hazing. This dual capability means we can advise on criminal charges that might arise from hazing, while always prioritizing the civil pursuit of justice and compensation. Whether it involves navigating criminal investigations or advising former members, our firm provides comprehensive guidance (https://attorney911.com/law-practice-areas/criminal-defense-lawyers/).

From our Houston office, we serve families across Texas, including Montana. We understand that hazing at Texas universities can impact families in Montana, and we are dedicated to providing the highest level of legal representation, no matter where you reside. Our firm is equipped with a network of experts—medical professionals, digital forensics specialists, economists, and psychologists—to build a robust case. We investigate like your child’s future depends on it—because it does. We encourage you to watch our Attorney911 YouTube video, “How Do Contingency Fees Work?” (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upcI_j6F7Nc) to understand our commitment: we don’t get paid unless we win.

Call to Action

If you or your child experienced hazing at any Texas campus—whether the University of Houston, Texas A&M, UT Austin, Southern Methodist University, or Baylor—we want to hear from you. Families in Montana and throughout the surrounding region have the right to answers and accountability.

Contact The Manginello Law Firm for a confidential, no-obligation consultation. We’ll listen to what happened, explain your legal options under Texas law, and help you decide on the best path forward. During your free consultation, you can expect us to:

Listen to your story without judgment, offering a compassionate ear.
Review any evidence you have, such as photos, texts, or medical records.
Explain your legal options, whether that involves a criminal report, a civil lawsuit, both, or neither.
Discuss realistic timelines and what you can expect from the legal process.
Answer your questions about costs, as we work on a contingency fee basis—meaning you pay nothing unless we win your case.
Rest assured, there’s no pressure to hire us on the spot. We encourage you to take the time you need to make an informed decision.
Everything you share with us is held in the strictest confidence.

Call: 1-888-ATTY-911 (1-888-288-9911)
Direct: (713) 528-9070
Cell: (713) 443-4781
Website: https://attorney911.com
Email: ralph@atty911.com

Hablamos Español – Contact Lupe Peña at lupe@atty911.com for consultation in Spanish. Servicios legales en español disponibles.

Whether you’re in Montana or anywhere across Texas, if hazing has impacted your family, you don’t have to face this alone. Call us today.

Legal Disclaimer

This article is provided for informational and educational purposes only. It is not legal advice and does not create an attorney–client relationship between you and The Manginello Law Firm, PLLC.

Hazing laws, university policies, and legal precedents can change. The information in this guide is current as of late 2025 but may not reflect the most recent developments. Every hazing case is unique, and outcomes depend on the specific facts, evidence, applicable law, and many other factors.

If you or your child has been affected by hazing, we strongly encourage you to consult with a qualified Texas attorney who can review your specific situation, explain your legal rights, and advise you on the best course of action for your family.

The Manginello Law Firm, PLLC / Attorney911
Houston, Austin, and Beaumont, Texas
Call: 1-888-ATTY-911 (1-888-288-9911)
Direct: (713) 528-9070 | Cell: (713) 443-4781
Website: https://attorney911.com
Email: ralph@atty911.com